Like other mental illnesses, bipolar disorder cannot yet be identified physiologically—for example, through a blood test or a brain scan. Therefore, a diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made on the basis of symptoms, course of illness, and, when available, family history. The diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder are described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).

A person with bipolar depression disorder experiences cycling moods that usually swing from being overly elated or irritable (mania) to sad and hopeless (depression) and then back again, with periods of normal moods in between. There are statistics that say that one in five people will suffer from depression at least once during their life.

Symptoms of depression include: loss of interest in usual activities, prolonged sad or irritable mood, loss of energy or fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, sleeping too much or inability to sleep, drop in grades and inability to concentrate, inability to experience pleasure, appetite loss or overeating, anger, worry, and anxiety, thoughts of death or suicide.

Symptoms of manic states are varied and include restlessness, increased energy, euphoric mood, racing thoughts, poor judgment, intrusive or provocative behavior, difficulty concentrating, and a decreased need for sleep.

The exact causes of bipolar disorder aren’t known, but stressful life events, un-resolvable problems, or emotional damage in childhood, possibly combined with genetic factors may play a role. Scientists are also studying about the possible causes of bipolar disorder through several kinds of studies. As the causes are more clearly identified and defined through research, scientists will gain a better understanding of the underlying causes of the illness, and eventually may be able to predict which types of treatment will work most effectively. As it stands now it is thought that bipolar depression disorder is caused by electrical and chemical processes in the brain not functioning correctly.

Unfortunately, for most individuals, lifelong treatment may be required to prevent recurrent manic and depressive episodes. They should try to identify the features of the illness that are distinct to that individual, including the warning signs of recurrent manic or depressive episodes, so that someone in treatment can get immediate help to ward off those symptoms. Failure to seek help can lead to suicide so the most important factor in any treatment is the sufferer’s acceptance of some form of counseling and/ or medication.

Bipolar depression disorder is a serious mental illness that can be successfully treated with proper psychological counseling and medication. It is important that anyone exhibiting the signs or symptoms of this disease seek help so they can properly manage this condition.

It even sounds festive doesn’t it ? And it appears that with this sleep medication, there may well be cause for celebration!

It’s been some months now since Lunesta first appeared on the scene and was blessed by the FDA. So how has this non-narcotic, non habit forming sleep aid been performing?

Well from the information I have gathered, it seems Lunesta is stacking up very well compared to the other available forms of prescription sleep medication.

Lunesta (generic name Eszopiclone) was brought out by a company called Sepracor which has done extensive tests on the medication, the majority of which have had positive results so far, although the tests are still ongoing.

One of the greatest advantages of Lunesta is that it is the only sleep medication approved for long term use. This is a boon for those with chronic insomnia. In some cases the insomnia has been known to disappear altogether. Tests have shown those who have stopped taking Lunesta haven’t suffered any rebound insomnia or withdrawal, both well known problems for those taking the benzodiazepine medications.

Another major advantage is that Lunesta is useful for both sleep onset and sleep maintenance insomnia. Meaning it will work as well for those who for have trouble falling asleep as for those who have trouble staying asleep. A caveat here though, Lunesta should be taken just before going to bed as it a fast acting medication. Don’t take Lunesta and then take a trip to the movies! Also make sure you have eight hours set aside for sleep as it is also long lasting (no driving the car please before that time!)

Lunesta is available in 1, 2 and 3 mg tablets. It’s best to start with a low dose and increase if needed.

Possible Side Effects
Every medication can have it’s side effects and those that are possible with Lunesta include:

• Next day drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Headaches
• Uncoordination

Lunesta should not be taken by pregnant or breastfeeding women as the effect on infants is not yet known. See your doctor first.

Lunesta and Depression

If you’ve ever been depressed, you’ll remember those agonizing hours between 2 and 4am tossing and turning and worrying about everything! What can you do when your depression medication precludes taking any form of sleeping aid? Never fear! Tests have shown that Lunesta is well tolerated by those taking Prozac (an anti-depressant drug) A ten week survey was done comparing patients on Prozac and Lunesta with patients on Prozac and a placebo (sugar pill)

Results found the Lunesta patients showed significant improvements. They fell asleep more quickly, stayed asleep longer and were more alert during the day.

Lunesta is available on prescription in the US. It’s not yet available in Australia (that’s why they call us “down under”!) Those in other countries would need to ask their doctor.

Currently Trichotillmania treatment options are not available in a wide variety due in most part to the fact that the condition has only recently been accepted. The purpose of treatment is to help patients stop pulling out hair. The most successful treatment available at this time is habit reversal training. The steps in this treatment are designed to help an individual suffering from trichotillmania to recognize the environmental conditions which frequently trigger an episode.

This in conjunction with counseling will allow them to effectively cope with the conditions in a less destructive manor. This form of treatment varies widely in success. This success rate is largely based on the patient’s own ability to actually use the methods suggested in real life situations. Habit reversal training is currently considered the most effective trichotillmania treatment.

Forms of trichotillmania treatment involve the use of certain types of antidepressant drugs. The most common drug used for trichotillmania treatment is Clomipramine which is a tricyclic antidepressant. A double-blind study which was performed to test the effects of Clomipramine for the purpose of trichotillmania treatment suggested that it showed signs of significantly improving the symptoms commonly associated with this condition. Some psychologists believe that Clomipramine may eventually be considered the most effective trichotillmania treatment.

Other trichotillmania treatments have involved the use of Fluoxetine or Prozac to treat trichotillmania. All tests so far done on the effectiveness of Prozac have suggested little to no usefulness. These drugs also suffer from the potential for significant side effects. The use of Prozac is generally not a highly accepted form of trichotillmania treatment.

For patients suffering from trichotillmania it is important to take steps to improve the condition. The first step should always be to consult with your doctor about the condition. Your doctor should be able to make recommendations for different treatment options. Most experts in the field consider that trichotillmania treatment is best handled using psychological treatment methods and not through the use of drugs. This has generally shown to be a very effective form of treatment for those who are willing to take the necessary steps to find the causes and solutions to the problem.

Though Clomipamine has shown some success in treating this disorder, there is not a significant amount of data to prove these claims. It also suffers from the potential for side effects as with any drug. Prozac is generally considered a poor treatment method and in some studies the use of such drugs has suggested it can actually increase the problem.
Discover how you can join over 432 trichotillomania ex-sufferers who have already ended their years of pulling hair disorder, and had completely stop pulling hair using an easy 3 step therapy treatment system.

Most rape victims are young. The ages with the highest victimization rates for rape and attempted rape are 16 to 24 year olds.

Most victims of rape or attempted rape are white, reflecting the general racial composition of the population. However, the likelihood of being a rape victim is significantly higher for Black women (2.5 per 1,000 annual rate) than for white women (1.5 per 1,000).
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Two-thirds of rapes and attempted rapes are committed by men who are strangers to the victim. More than three-fourths of all rapes involve one assailant and one victim. Weapons are used in about one-fourth of rapes and attempted rapes.

Social stigma traditionally attached to rape makes it difficult for many victims to report the crime to police. Only half of the victims of rape and attempted rape surveyed nationally during the period 1973-1982 had reported the crime to police.

Aggravated Assault

Aggravated assault is an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury, but not resulting in death.

In 1985, there were 300 reported victims of aggravated assault for every 100,000 persons nationwide. Rates were highest in metropolitan areas (342 per 100,000) and lowest in rural counties (129 per 100,000).

Weapon distribution data for 1985 showed that 21% of reported aggravated assaults involved the use of firearms, and that 31% were committed with blunt objects and other dangerous weapons.

During the five-year period 1981-1985, the reported number of aggravated assaults increased by 9% across the nation.

The term “reported aggravated assaults” refers only to data on such assaults contained in police reports. Recent research has indicated that police reports do not adequately reflect the true extent of aggravated assault in the nation. One study of 41 acute care hospitals in Northeast Ohio found that close to 3 out of 4 cases of assault seen in hospital emergency departments were not reported to police.

Control of Violent Behavior

In 1984, the year end prison population in the United States numbered more than 463,000 persons. This was the largest number of prisoners ever confined in the nation and the 10th consecutive year in which the national year end prison population reached an all-time high.
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Since 1980, the national prison population has increased by more than 40%. While an estimated 100,000 new prison beds were added in 1980-1984, the number of prisoners increased by more than 130,000 during the same period.

Although the number of female prisoners has greatly increased in recent years, and reached a total of 20,853 nationally in 1984, women still account for a very small percentage of the total prison population. In 1984, less than 1 in 20 prisoners were female.

A record 223,551 persons were being held in local jails as of June 1983. This represents a 41% increase over the total population recorded in the previous national jail census conducted in 1978.

Relative to the U.S. population, the number of jailed persons rose from 76 per 100,000 in 1978 to 98 per 100,000 in 1983.

With the exception of Massachusetts, every state had more women in jail in 1983 than in 1978, but women still account for only 7% of the national jail population.

The number of juvenile jail detainees is small and relatively stable, totaling 1,736 nationwide in 1983 and 1,611 in 1978.

More than 1.5% of the adult U.S. population is under some form of correctional supervision on a given day. Nearly two-thirds of these are under some form of probation; the remainder are in prison (17%), jail (8%), or on parole (10%).
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Stress is a recognized phenomenon among a majority of Americans. Its affects can be felt in the work place, where it can reduce productivity, and in the home, where it has been associated with family violence. Efforts to assist those in need have been undertaken by both the public and the private sectors. Crisis hotlines and outreach clinics are available to offer assistance for those having problems coping with stress, and most Americans are aware of their services. Violent behavior, including homicide, suicide, rape and family violence is a continuing health problem of major concern. Homicide and suicide are leading causes of death among persons 15-34 years of age.

Prevalence

Stress
An estimated 86% of the adult population believes that psychological stress exists.

84% of males surveyed and 88% of females surveyed reported having experienced stress. 40% of those surveyed reported that they experience at least a moderate amount of stress during an average week.
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Among those surveyed, 83% of the college graduates, 71% of the high school graduates and 50% of those persons with less than a high school degree reported having experienced stress.

63% of the blue collar workers, 83% of the professionals, 71% of those unemployed, 67% of the homemakers and 79% of the white collar workers reported having experienced stress.

Of those who reported having experienced stress, 35% believed that stress had a negative impact on their lives. 33% said stress had not had any affect on their lives.

Professionals reported illness due to stress more frequently than any other occupational group (23%). They are followed by part-time employees (21%), unemployed persons (21%), white collar workers (20%), homemakers (18%), blue collar workers (13%) and retirees (9%).

Sources of Stress

Among those surveyed, persons earning more than $30,000 per year cited financial and work-related problems as the most frequent causes of stress.
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Those persons earning less than $30,000 per year most often cited problems with friends and family as the primary cause of stress.

47% of the 18-29 year olds surveyed reported being able to solve an upsetting problem during the past year. 65% of those 65 years and older reported that they were able to solve an upsetting problem over the past year.

“The proportion reporting the existence of an upsetting situation is greatest for respondents 18-29 years old (22%). Proportions for the remaining age categories vary from 19% for those aged 30-to 44 to 12% for those aged 55-to 64.“

It is estimated that 500,000 or more Vietnam veterans are in need of emotional help. Up to 30% of their drug abuse, violence, emotional instability are alleged to be a direct result of exposure to combat and atrocities.

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Most importantly, eat healthy meals, starting with a complete breakfast. When your body doesn’t have the right balance of nutrition it reacts by making you feel tired and groggy, which in and of itself can be a frustrating stress inducer. Whether you’re just running errands or you’re making a big presentation at work, being energized and ready to go all day beats being exhausted and wishing you were back in bed.

A good diet serves as a nice preventative measure against stress, but what do you do when the stress comes anyway? After all, a banana and some whole grains might have you feeling a little more awake, but they’re not going to watch after your kids for you. First off it’s important to understand your stress. It’s obvious that stress doesn’t just pop out of thin air, but many people don’t take the time to step back and objectively view the causes of their stress, and the possible solutions. What situations cause you to feel run down? Can you avoid these situations, or lower your amount of exposure to them? What can you change about your routine that would make these situations less frequent, or less intense? These are simple questions that everyone should ask themselves. Answer honestly and you could be helping yourself out as soon as today.

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There are certain easy to do day to day activities that may help with that stress that you can’t seem to shake with proper diet and stressor analysis. Meditation was originally a religious practice, but its mental and physical benefits can be appreciated by anyone. Simply close your eyes and imagine a peaceful setting; somewhere that you’d like to be. Zoom in and out, focusing on details then moving back to a full view of your scene. Continue this for five to ten minutes, not thinking about anything but the backdrop that you’ve created. The goal here is to find a healthy way (i.e. not drugs, caffeine, nicotine or alcohol) to just get away from it all. Also try listening to tranquil music, such as light classical and new age, to wind down after a long day. Set up an appointment with a masseuse, or as a less expensive alternative, trade off getting and giving massages with your significant other.

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Ultimately, you have to take action in order to effectively manage your stress. Fortunately, it’s not as hard as it may seem, and the results, such as a longer and more enjoyable life, are well worth it.

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About a year ago I decided that I had had enough of the way I was living my life, up one day and down the next. I was on an emotional rollercoaster, never sure if I would wake up in the morning in a happy mood or in a depressed state. I was also aware that it was not really fair on my family as they did not know from day to day which Steve would appear.

So how was I going to go about improving my life and to conquer this near constant stress and depression? Well, what I thought I should do is to treat it as a project and even a hobby. I was determined to get to the bottom of it but was aware that it would take time and hard work. It was important to think positive about this project and to see it as a hobby rather than a choir as this would be the only way I would be likely to succeed.

The first thing I thought about doing was to write down the periods where I was in a stressed or depressed state. I then asked myself certain questions, such as, am I tired? Have I recently had an argument on my girlfriend? Is work getting me down?

I like to think of myself as quite a sociable person and I have to admit that most of the places and evening outs I go on or to, involve the drinking of alcohol. To be sociable I would always participate in this drinking but never really to excess. This is quite strange in reality as I have never really enjoyed the taste of alcohol or the affect that it has on me.

From my studies I soon realised that nearly all of my stressed and depressed days followed one of these evening outs drinking etc. I also realised that I always felt very low and even sorry for myself when I was tired and that I was always tired the day after drinking alcohol.

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It is now quite plain for me to understand, alcohol is no good for me. It is like it creates the wrong chemicals in my brain. To help improve my life, I have now decided to become tee-total and therefore my drinking days are over. I will still socialise but will only be drinking soft drinks from now on.

I must say that I do not miss drinking alcohol at all and that I am a far happier person. I wish I had realised and stopped drinking alcohol years ago.